All of our ingredients are sourced from suppliers based in the U.S. and Europe. We don't use raw materials made in countries with questionable adherence to quality standards, like China. When creating formulations, we use optimal concentrations of effective ingredients that are appropriate to their function. For example, we use derivatives of Vitamin C that do not degrade or oxidize, whether used in oil or water-based formulations. We use ingredients derived from plants, not petroleum, whenever possible. For example, we use only Sugarcane-derived Squalane Oil.